Undercover report involves a journalist adopting a false identity in order to gather information that would be difficult or impossible to acquire through regular reporting methods. It is often used to expose serious issues such as sex trafficking, illegal gambling, abuse of the vulnerable and corruption. It has been credited with sparking important changes in societal behavior and fostering public awareness of the issues.
Despite its dubious reputation (which largely stems from frivolous tabloid press hidden camera stings and rare cases of entrapment) undercover work remains an essential tool in the investigative journalist’s arsenal. Kroeger argues that reporters need to reconsider the place of surreptitious reporting, as it can help journalists access otherwise impenetrable institutions or social situations. She describes five types of undercover investigation:
Journalists can go undercover to test the effectiveness of new policies, for example, or uncover issues that are not addressed by existing policies. Undercover investigations can also be used to expose consumer fraud, such as over-charging or mishandling by businesses. Kroeger says that in these instances, normal journalistic right-of-reply principles apply ahead of publication and no special vetting is required.
Going undercover should only be used when the information it is aiming to gather is significant and cannot be obtained by other means, such as through a direct approach. Kroeger advises journalists to consult outside advisors before launching an undercover investigation to discuss the legal risks and acceptable strategies. It is also advisable to conduct a thorough risk assessment, involving all those who will be involved in the project and ensuring that any sensitive information is protected.